A Comprehensive Survey on Super-Resolution Techniques in Medical Imaging
December 15, 2025
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1 School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
2 School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
3 School of Medicine, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
4 School of Pharmacy, Arsi University, Assela Ethiopia.
*Corresponding Author: Fuad Adem, School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University Ethiopia.
Background: The availability and appropriate utilization of medicine are important to reduce morbidity and mortality from various medical conditions. However, more than 50% of them were used inappropriately. This study aimed to evaluate non-adherence to the WHO prescribing practice indicator and contributing factors in Ethiopia.
Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases, and supplementary sources were searched. To be included, studies are required to assess non-adherence to the WHO’s medicine-prescribing practice indicators (i.e., mean number of medicines per encounter, the proportion of generic, antibiotics, and injection prescribing, and the proportion of medicines prescribed from local formulary) at least in one of the five domains. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Software (version 4) was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of the outcomes. I2-test and Egger’s test were used to assess statistical heterogeneity and bias, respectively.
Results: Forty-five studies with total encounters of 80,782 were included. The mean number of medicines per prescription exceeds the WHO reference value by 0.23 (CI: 0.60 – 1.06). The mean prevalence of medicines prescribed by non-generic or brand names and outside the list of essential medicine/local formulary were 10.0% [Pooled Proportion – (PP) = 0.10 CI: 0.08 – 0.12] and 8.0% [PP = 0.08 CI: 0.07 – 0.09], respectively. The mean prevalence of inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics and injections was 24.0% [PP = 0.24 CI: 0.19-0.28] and 21.0% [PP=0.21 CI: 0.13 – 0.29], respectively.
Conclusion: All of the WHO core prescribing indicators are not within the reference value. Therefore, appropriate measures including a multidisciplinary approach to prescribing and involving clinical pharmacists as medical expertise should be considered to lower potentially inappropriate prescribing of medications.
